GolangWeb框架Iris项目实战-JWT和中间件(Middleware)的使用EP07-golang 网站开发
2023-04-23 19:00:33
前文再续，上一回我们完成了用户的登录逻辑，将之前用户管理模块中添加的用户账号进行账号和密码的校验，过程中使用图形验证码强制进行人机交互，防止账号的密码被暴力破解。本回我们需要为登录成功的用户生成Token，并且通过Iris的中间件(Middleware)进行鉴权操作。
Iris模板复用在生成Token之前，首先我们需要对项目的模板进行优化改造，目前存在的页面模板有三块，分别是：首页模板(index.html)、登录页模板(signin.html)、后台用户管理页模板(/admin/user.html)，虽然页面并不多，但不难发现，有很多重复的代码，比方说，首页模板和登录页模板都有公共的头部导航菜单，没必要每个模板都写一遍相同的代码，再比如，三块模板都会有axios的封装逻辑，也没必要三块模板封装三次，除此之外，以后模板多了，不做复用，就会出现维护困难的问题。
首先提取页面模板的公共部分，比如头部导航，在views目录建立header.html:
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width="16" height="16" role="presentation" style="pointer-events: none;"></div></div><div class="react-toggle-thumb"></div></div> <div class="search navbar-right" > <form action="/Index_search" method ="GET" class="search_form" > <input type="search" name="text" class="search_input" placeholder="Search" required="required" > </form> </div> </div> </div> </nav>随后，在需要头部导航的模板进行引入操作，比如修改signin.html:
${ render "header.html" }注意，使用${}是为了避免和前端的Vue.js标签冲突。
同样地，将封装axios.js逻辑单独抽取出来myaxios.html:
<script> const myaxios = function (url, type, data = {}) { return new Promise((resolve) => { if (type === "get" || type === "delete") { axios({ method: type, url: url, params: data }).then((result) => { resolve(result.data); }); } else { const params = new URLSearchParams(); for (var key in data) { params.append(key,data[key]); } axios({ method: type, url: url, data:params }).then((result) => { resolve(result.data); }); } }); } </script>然后在需要的地方进行引入操作：
${ render "myaxios.html" }如此，我们只需要维护模板的公共部分即可。
修改后，项目的结构如下：
. ├── README.md ├── assets │ ├── css │ │ └── style.css │ └── js │ ├── axios.js │ └── vue.js ├── database │ └── database.go ├── favicon.ico ├── go.mod ├── go.sum ├── handler │ ├── admin.go │ └── user.go ├── main.go ├── model │ └── model.go ├── mytool │ └── mytool.go ├── tmp │ └── runner-build └── views ├── admin │ └── user.html ├── admin_header.html ├── header.html ├── index.html ├── myaxios.html ├── signin.html └── test.htmlJWT生成逻辑JSON Web Token (JWT)是一个互联网应用的开放标准(RFC 7519)，它定义了一种紧凑的、自包含的方式，用于作为JSON对象在各方之间安全地传输信息，这种信息可以被验证和信任，因为它是数字签名的。
说白了，登录成功以后，生成一个 JSON 对象，返回给前端，就像下面这样：
{ "uid":1 }这之后，用户与服务端通信的时候，所有请求都要带着这个JSON 对象。服务器完全只靠这个对象认定用户身份。为了防止JSON对象被篡改，服务器在生成这个对象的时候，会加上签名，变成这种模样：
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJVaWQiOjEsImlhdCI6MTY2MTg0MjYxMCwiZXhwIjoxNjYxODQ1NjEwfQ.BXK9awvVCk7L3JAnDGt9z6U9TOjPCpI0AcHRu1eq_mo这玩意就是普遍意义上的Token，俗称“令牌”。
在我们的项目中，需要为登录校验通过的账号生成Token，首先安装jwt包：
go get -u github.com/kataras/iris/v12/middleware/jwt随后修改本地的工具包mytool.jwt:
package mytool import ( "crypto/md5" "fmt" "io" "time" "github.com/dchest/captcha" "github.com/kataras/iris/v12" "github.com/kataras/iris/v12/middleware/jwt" ) var SigKey = []byte("signature_hmac_secret_shared_key") type PlayLoad struct { Uid uint } func GenerateToken(uid uint) string { signer := jwt.NewSigner(jwt.HS256, SigKey, 50*time.Minute) claims := PlayLoad{Uid: uid} token, err := signer.Sign(claims) if err != nil { fmt.Println(err) } s := string(token) return s }众所周知，Token由三部分组成：头部、载荷以及秘钥。这里SigKey字符为签名秘钥，PlayLoad结构体为载荷信息，这里通过签名生成一个字符格式的token，注意返回前端时，需要强转为字符串。
需要注意的是，生成签名时使用的是HS256算法，同时为了确保安全性，token设置生命周期，这里为50分钟。
随后修改用户登录逻辑，将生成好的token返回给前端：
//登录动作 func Signin(ctx iris.Context) { ret := make(map[string]interface{}, 0) cid := ctx.PostValue("cid") code := ctx.PostValue("code") if captcha.VerifyString(cid, code) == false { ret["errcode"] = 2 ret["msg"] = "登录失败,验证码错误" ctx.JSON(ret) return } db := database.Db() defer func() { _ = db.Close() }() Username := ctx.PostValue("username") Password := ctx.PostValue("password") user := &model.User{} db.Where(&model.User{Username: Username, Password: mytool.Make_password((Password))}).First(&user) if user.ID == 0 { ret["errcode"] = 1 ret["msg"] = "登录失败,账号或者密码错误" ctx.JSON(ret) return } token := mytool.GenerateToken(user.ID) fmt.Println(token) ret["errcode"] = 0 ret["msg"] = "登录成功" ret["username"] = user.Username ret["token"] = token ctx.JSON(ret) }前端接收的返回值为：
{ "errcode": 0, "msg": "登录成功", "token": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJVaWQiOjEsImlhdCI6MTY2MTg0MzI5MSwiZXhwIjoxNjYxODQ2MjkxfQ.547z3nv4qj2-UeHTzfeG_qSsnFZD2DFyCP9gNZ-QiHA", "username": "123" }随后前端收到token后，将其存储localstorage，然后跳转到后台页面：
//登录请求 signin:function(){ this.myaxios("http://localhost:5000/signin/","post",{"username":this.username,"password":this.password,"cid":this.cid,"code":this.code}).then(data => { console.log(data) alert(data.msg); localStorage.setItem("token",data.token); window.location.href = "/admin/user/" }); }localStorage存储是永久的，如果对安全性要求较高，可以采用sessionStorage，token生命周期就会跟随浏览器进程，但之前设置的token生命周期就没意义了，各有利弊，各自权衡。
中间件(Middleware)鉴权所谓中间件，是一类提供系统软件和应用软件之间连接、便于软件各部件之间的沟通的软件，应用软件可以借助中间件在不同的技术架构之间共享信息与资源。
说白了，就是在所有需要鉴权的接口前面加一层逻辑，便于批量管理和控制：
verifier := jwt.NewVerifier(jwt.HS256, mytool.SigKey) verifyMiddleware := verifier.Verify(func() interface{} { return new(mytool.PlayLoad) })这里声明中间件变量verifyMiddleware，该变量会返回一个载荷结构体对象。
随后，为所有的后台接口、包括后台模板添加中间件：
adminhandler := app.Party("/admin") adminhandler.Use(verifyMiddleware) adminhandler.Get("/userlist/", handler.Admin_userlist) adminhandler.Delete("/user_action/", handler.Admin_userdel) adminhandler.Put("/user_action/", handler.Admin_userupdate) adminhandler.Post("/user_action/", handler.Admin_useradd) adminhandler.Get("/user/", handler.Admin_user_page)如此，所有后台操作都需要中间件的鉴权操作。
换句话说，如果请求地址中没有token或者token不合法，就不会返回正常数据。
访问：
http://localhost:5000/admin/user 如图所示：如果带着token:
当然了，之后所有的后台请求都需要携带token，所以改造上面封装的myaxios.html:
<script> var mytoken = localStorage.getItem("token"); const myaxios = function (url, type, data = {}) { return new Promise((resolve) => { if (type === "get" || type === "delete") { axios({ method: type, url: url+"?token="+mytoken, params: data }).then((result) => { resolve(result.data); }); } else { const params = new URLSearchParams(); for (var key in data) { params.append(key,data[key]); } axios({ method: type, url: url+"?token="+mytoken, data:params }).then((result) => { resolve(result.data); }); } }); } </script>藉此，每个后端请求都会携带token。
结语JWT形式的认证体系将用户状态分散到了客户端中，相比于服务端的session存储，可以明显减轻服务端的内存压力，此外，使用Iris中间件鉴权的方式有助于提高代码的重用性，也更便于维护，更加优雅。该项目已开源在Github：
https://github.com/zcxey2911/IrisBlog ，与君共觞，和君共勉。以上就是关于《GolangWeb框架Iris项目实战-JWT和中间件(Middleware)的使用EP07-golang 网站开发》的全部内容，本文网址：https://www.7ca.cn/baike/18297.shtml，如对您有帮助可以分享给好友，谢谢。
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