英语语法动词知识点归纳梳理(英语语法动词短语)

2023-05-26 22:34:17

 

动词表示“动作、行为”,动词是句子的一部分,起着重要的部分。动词可分为及物动词、不及物动词、双宾动词、成语动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。

及物动词和不及物动词区别:

及物就是后面可以跟“人或物”,不及物就是后面不能跟“人或物”。

我们举几个及物动词的例子:

吃 eat,喝 drink,买 buy,卖 sell。

这4个动词,在表达意思的时候,后面要跟“人或物”(名词或代词)。

eat (an apple)吃苹果

drink (a cup of tea)喝杯茶

buy (a coat)买一件外套

sell (a house)卖一套房子

所以,这样的动词,后面要跟(人或物)的,就叫及物动词。

不及物动词,就是后面不能跟(人或物)。

哭 cry,笑 smile,飞 fly

I cry,我哭(是我的行为,不需要后面跟人或物)。

I smile,我笑(也是我的行为,不需要后面跟人或物)。

Birds fly,鸟飞(是鸟的行为,不需要后面跟人或物)。

双宾动词:

需要加介词to/for,但接双宾语不加介词,介词后面普遍加"人物宾格”

例如:lend sth to sb.= lend sb sth.(借某物给某人)

buy sth for sb.= buy sb sth.(为某人买某物)

He asked me some questions (他问了我很多问题)

成语动词:

就是动词短语词组

英语中的成语动词主要有下面五类:

1.动词+副词(不跟宾语):War broke out in 1939.战争于1939年爆发。

2.动词+介词(跟宾语):Who is looking after the children?谁在照顾孩子?

3.及物动词+副词(跟宾语,宾语短时可夹在中间):Put away those dishes.(Put them away.)把盘子取走。He pointed out my mistake.(He pointed it out.)他指出了我的错误。

4.及物动词+宾语+副词:She loved to order people about.她喜欢对人发号施令。I can’t tell them apart.我不能把他们区分开。

5.动词+副词+介词:I am looking forward to seeing you.我盼望见到你。I’ll try to catch up with the rest of the class.我要设法赶上班上其他人。

另外还有下面两类也可以说是成语动词:1.动词+名词+介词:eg: pay attention to 注意, give rise to 引起

2.be+形容词+介词:be fond of 喜欢be familiar with 熟悉be used to 习惯于be suitable for 适合

系动词:

Be动词:(is / are/ was/ were/ have been/ has been/ am/ had been)

eg:He is a teacher.(他是一名老师)

He was a president two years ago.(他曾经两年前是一名总统)----过去式

We are chinese.(我们是中国人)

I have been a university student.(我是一名大学生)----现在完成时

2.感官动词

feel/seem/look/smell/sound/taste 等

eg: It tastes delicious.(吃起来太美味了)

The story sounds interesting.(故事听起来太有趣了)

3.变化动词

get/turn/become/grow 等

eg:She became a college student.(她成为一名大学生)

She grow up.(她长大了)

He got old.(他变老了)

助动词:

(一)助动词有be, have, do, will, shall。它们本身没有词义,只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语,用来表示时态和语态,构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。

1、be (am, is, are, were, been)

(1)“be +-ing”构成进行时态;

(2)“be +过去分词”构成被动语态;

(3)“be +动词不定式”构成复合谓语:

表示按计划安排要发生的事。The prime minister is to visit Japan next year.总理将于明年访问日本。

用于命令。Youre to do your homework before you watch TV.你得做完了作业才能看电视。

2、have (has, had)

(1)“have+过去分词”构成完成时态。如:Have you seen the film ?(2)“have been +-ing”构成完成进行时态。如:What have you been doing these days?这些日子你一直在干什么?

3、do (does, did)

(1)“do not +动词原形”构成行为动词的否定式。如:His brother doesn’t like playing basket.;

(2)“Do +主语+ 动词原形”构成行为动词的一般疑问句。Does he go to school by bike every day?

(3)“do +动词原形”用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语气。

如:I did go to see him, but he wasn’t in我确实去看望他了,但他不在家。

(4)代替前面刚出现的动词以避免重复。My mother told me to go to bed early.

So I did.

4.will, shall (would, should)

“will (shall+动词原形”构成一般将来时,一般来说shall用于第一人称,will用于第二人称或第三人称,口语中常用will代替shall

如:We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.

(二)情态动词

情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必须”或“应当”等之意。

将情态动词置于主语之前即构成其疑问式,在情态动词之后加not既构成其否定式。现将各情态动词的基本用法分述如下:

1、can和could (could为can的过去式)的基本用法

(1)表示能力,如:He can speak English better than you.

(2)在疑问句和否定句中表示“怀疑”、“猜测”或“可能性”,

如:Can this green bike be Liu Dongs?

(3)表示“许可”时can可以和may换用,如:You can (may) go home now.

(4)如果要表示语气婉转,可用could代替can,这时could不再是can的过去式,

如:Could you come again tomorrow?

(5)can和be able to都可表示能力,两者在意思上没有什么区别。但是can只能有现在式和过去式,而be able to则有更多的形式,如:He will be able to do the work better.

2、may和might (might为may的过去式)的基本用法

(1)表示允许或征询对方许可,有“可以”之意,如:You may use my dictionary.在回答对方说“可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”时,一般多不用may或 may not,以避免语气生硬,用比较婉转的说法进行回答。如:---- May I use this dictionary?---- Yes, please.或 ---- Certainly.在请求对方许可时,如果Might I…?就比用May I…?语气更婉转些,如:May I have a look at your new computer?但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”对方做某事时,要用must not代替may not,如:---- May we swim in this lake?---- No, you mustn’t. It’s too dangerous.

(2)may或 might都可以表示可能性,表示“或许”、“可能”之意,如果用might表示可能性,则语气更加不肯定,如:They may (might) be in the library now .

3、must的基本用法

(1)must表示“必须”、“应该”之意,其否定式 must not,缩写形式为 mustnt,表示“不应该”,“不准”、“不许可”或“禁止”之意,如:We must study hard and make progress every day. You mustnt touch the fire.

(2)以must提出的疑问句,如作否定回答时,要用neednt或用dont (doesnt) have to (不必)来回答,而不用mustnt,因为mustnt表示的是“禁止”或“不许可”之意,如:---- Must we finish the work tomorrow?---- No, you neednt (dont have to), but you must finish it in three days.

(3)在肯定句中must可以表示推测,表示“一定”或“必定”之意,如:---- Whose new bike can it be?---- It must be Liu Dongs. I know his father has just bought him a new one.

4、can, could, may, must后接完成式的用法

(1)can, could后接完成式的用法:

在否定句或疑问句中表示对过去发生过的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”的态度

在肯定句中,可以表示过去可能做到而实际并没做到的事情,有“劝告”或“责备”的语气。

如:---- When did you answer her letter?---- Only yesterday.---- Its too late. You could have answered it earlier, I am sure.

(2) may, might后接完成式的用法

表示对过去某事的推测,认为某一件事情在过去可能发生了。如果使用might,语气就比较婉转或更加不肯定,如:Mary might have learned some Chinese before.

可以表示过去本来可以做到而实际没有做到的事情,有“劝告”或“责备”的语气,如:You didnt do the work well that day. You might have done it better.

(3)must后接完成式的用法:表示对过去某事的推测,认为某事在过去一定做到了,如:Liu Dong isn’t in the classroom. He must have gone to the library.

5、have to 的基本用法:have to和must的意义相近,只是 must侧重表示说话人的主观看法,而have to 则表示客观需要,如:I must study hard. I had to give it up because of illness.

6、ought to的基本用法

(l)表示根据某种义务或必要“应当”做某事,语气比should强,例如:Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations.

(2)表示推测,注意与must表示推测时的区别:He must be home by now .(断定他已到家),He ought to be home by now .(不十分肯定),This is where the oil must be.(比较直率),This is where the oil ought to be.(比较含蓄);

(3)“ought + have+过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。例如:You ought to have helped him.(but you didn’t)这时,ought与 should可以互相换用。注意,在美国英语中ought to 用于否定和疑问句时to可以省略。例如:Ought you smoke so much? You oughtn’t smoke so much.

7、dare的基本用法

(l)dare (dared为其过去式)作情态动词用时,主要用于否定句,疑问句和条件从句中,如:Dared he bread the traffic regulations again?

(2)在现代英语中dare常用作行为动词,其变化与一般行为动词相同,如:She dares to stay at home alone at night.

8、need的基本用法

(1)need作情态动词用时,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,如:He neednt worry about us now.

(2)need也可作为行为动词用,可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句中,其后可接名词、代词、动名词或带 to 的动词不定式为其宾语。如:You need to practise reading aloud every day.

(3)neednt后接完成式可以表示过去做了一件本来不必要做的事情,如:---- Did you answer the letter yesterday?---- Yes, I did.---- But you needn’t have answered it.

9、shall的基本用法

(1)shall用作情态动词时,用于第二、三人称,表示说活人的意愿,可表示“命令”、“警告”、“强制”、“威胁”或“允诺”等意,如:He shall go first, whether he wants to or not.

(2)在疑问句中,shall用于第一、三人称,表示说话人的征询对方意见或请求指示,如:Shall I open the door?

10、should的基本用法

(1)should作为情态动词可以表示“建议”或“劝告”,有“应该”之意,如:You should learn from each other.

(2)should后接完成式表示过去没有做到本来应该做的事情,或是做了本来不应该做的事情。如:You should have give him more help.

11、will的基本用法

(1)用于各人称,可以表示“意志”或“决心”,如:I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen.

(2)在疑问句中用于第二人称,表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问对方的意愿,如:Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium?

(3)will可以表示一种习惯性的动作,有“总是”或“会要”之意,如:Every morning he will have a walk along this river.

12、would的基本用法

(1)would作为will的过去式,可用于各人称,表示过去时间的“意志”或“决心”,如:He promised he would never smoke again.

(2)在疑问句中,用于第二人称,表示说话人向对方提出请求或许问对方的意愿时,比用will的气更加婉转,如:Would you like some more coffee?

(3)在日常生活中,学用“I would like to…”表示“我想要”或“我愿意”之意,以使语气婉转,如:I would like to do Ex.2 first.

(4)would可以表示过去的习惯动作,比used to正式,并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如:Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class./ During the vacation he would visit me every week.

(5)表达猜想,如:It would be about ten when he left home./ What would she be doing there?/ I thought he would have told you about it.


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